10/3/2023 0 Comments Be atomic symbolIn astronomical observation, this corresponds to a blue Doppler shift of 0.000272 times the speed of light, or 81.6 km/s. The wavelengths of all deuterium spectroscopic lines are shorter than the corresponding lines of light hydrogen, by a factor of 1.000272. The energies of spectroscopic lines for deuterium and light hydrogen ( hydrogen-1) therefore differ by the ratios of these two numbers, which is 1.000272. The reduced mass of the system in these equations is close to the mass of a single electron, but differs from it by a small amount about equal to the ratio of mass of the electron to the atomic nucleus. For the hydrogen atom, the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the Bohr model of the atom, where the reduced mass appears in a simple calculation of the Rydberg constant and Rydberg equation, but the reduced mass also appears in the Schrödinger equation, and the Dirac equation for calculating atomic energy levels. In quantum mechanics, the energy levels of electrons in atoms depend on the reduced mass of the system of electron and nucleus. Also, its large mass difference with protium ( 1H) (deuterium has a mass of 2.014 102 u, compared to the mean hydrogen atomic weight of 1.007 947 u, and protium's mass of 1.007 825 u) confers non-negligible chemical dissimilarities with protium-containing compounds, whereas the isotope weight ratios within other chemical elements are largely insignificant in this regard. A distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotope's common use in various scientific processes. Since it is an isotope of hydrogen with mass number 2, it is also represented by 2 ĭeuterium–protium ratios thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology.ĭifferences from common hydrogen (protium) Chemical symbol Deuterium discharge tubeĭeuterium is frequently represented by the chemical symbol D. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet. The deuterium–protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as measured by the Rosetta space probe, is about three times that of Earth water. This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin. The analysis of deuterium–protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms). This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 to deuterium (about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. ![]() ![]() Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. The discovery of deuterium won Urey a Nobel Prize in 1934.ĭeuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Urey and others produced samples of heavy water in which the deuterium content had been highly concentrated. Deuterium was discovered by American chemist Harold Urey in 1931. The name deuterium is derived from the Greek deuteros, meaning "second", to denote the two particles composing the nucleus. ![]() It has two neutrons, and is radioactive and far more rare than deuterium.) ( Tritium is yet another hydrogen isotope with symbol 3 The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another (see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156% by number (0.0312% by mass) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans, while protium accounts for more than 99.98%. Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom of deuterium among every 6,420 atoms of hydrogen (see heavy water). The nucleus of a deuterium atom, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutrons in the nucleus. Or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1). Number of protons starts at one and increases rightward. Number of neutrons starts at zero and increases downward. Deuterium isotope highlighted on a truncated table of nuclides for atomic numbers 1 through 29.
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